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| | Ctrl (n = 43) | sPD (n = 60) | Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers (n = 51) | Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers (n = 23) |
|---|
| Age (y), mean ± SDa | 49 ± 18 | 57 ± 10 | 57 ± 14 | 60 ± 11 |
| Gender (male), n(%)a | 19 (38.0%) | 36 (52.9%) | 26 (50%) | 6 (25%) |
| Disease duration (y)b | NA | 4 (1–6) | NA | 7 (5–19) |
| MoCAc | 27 (27–29) | 27 (25–28) | 27 (26–28) | 25 (23.7–27) |
| H&Y | NA | 2 (2–2) | 0 (0–0) | 2 (2–3) |
| UPDRS-IIId | NA | 24 (19–29) | 3 (0.25–5) | 24 (19.5–27) |
| t-α-syn (pg/mL)e | 816 (596–1112) | 573 (466–710)*** | 617 (431–803)** | 608 (432–740)** |
| o-α-syn (pg/mL)e | 161 (148–186) | 187.5 (170.5–219.8)** | 183 (160–230)** | 182 (146–196) |
| pS129-α-syn (pg/mL)e | 116 (103–145) | 139 (114.25–163) | 121 (94–150) | 122 (106–145) |
| tTau (pg/mL)f | 141.2 (89.6–201.3) | 134.7 (88.3–224.9) | 123.6 (86.7–236.4) | 113.5 (94.9–167.8) |
| pTau (pg/mL)f | 12 (9–16) | 14.3 (9.6–21.7) | 14.7 (10.7–20.8) | 15.9 (10.5–22.4) |
| Aβ-40 (pg/mL)f | 2506 (1967–3120) | 2595.7 (2193.7–3098.2) | 2776.2 (2287.6–4020.6) | 3048.9 (1959.3–3810.8) |
| Aβ-42 (pg/mL)f | 517.9 (404.77–738) | 535.4 (405.11–662.6) | 580.3 (457.8–905.3) | 539.9 (410.9–880.9) |
| IL-16g | 6.5 (4.9–8) | 5.1 (4–6.6)* | 5.1 (3.9–6.8) | 4.3 (2.8–5.3) |
| TNF-αg | 3.3 (2.6–5.5) | 4.2 (2.4–6.5) | 5.5 (4.2–7.4)* | 5.5 (2.5–7.3) |
- Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). Demographical differences between groups were analyzed using analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni tests (age), X2 tests (gender), and Kruskal-Wallis with post hoc Mann-Whitney U tests (MoCA, H&Y, UPDRS and disease duration). Differences in CSF biomarker levels between groups were assessed with a GLM adjusted for age and gender. T-, o-, and pS129-α-syn, IL-16, TNF-α, tTau, ptau, Aβ40 and Aβ-42 were log-transformed, yet presented as raw data (* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with Ctrl)
- Aβ1–42, amyloid β1–42; Ctrl, healthy controls; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr scale; IL-16, interleukin-16; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NA, not applicable; o-α-syn, oligomeric α-synuclein; pSer129-α-synuclein, phosphorylated α-synuclein protein at serine 129; pTau, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; sPD, sporadic PD; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; tTau, total tau protein; t-α-syn, total α-synuclein; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
- aCtrl, n = 43; sPD, n = 58; Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 51, Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 23
- b Ctrl, n = NA; sPD, n = 59; Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 21
- c Ctrl, n = 15; sPD, n = 59; Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 48, Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 22
- d Ctrl, n = 15; sPD, n = 59; Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 48, Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 21
- e Ctrl, n = 43; sPD, n = 60; Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 51, Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 23
- f Ctrl, n = 28; sPD, n = 40; Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 26, Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 11
- g Ctrl, n = 28; sPD, n = 42; Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 24, Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, n = 12
